10 reasons why PCs crash U must Know

10 reasons why PCs crash U must Know

Fatal error: the system has become unstable or is busy," it says. "Enter to return to Windows or press Control-Alt-Delete to restart your computer. If you do this you will lose any unsaved information in all open applications."

You have just been struck by the Blue Screen of Death. Anyone who uses Mcft Windows will be familiar with this. What can you do? More importantly, how can you prevent it happening?

1 Hardware conflict

The number one reason why Windows crashes is hardware conflict. Each hardware device communicates to other devices through an interrupt request channel (IRQ). These are supposed to be unique for each device.

For example, a printer usually connects internally on IRQ 7. The keyboard usually uses IRQ 1 and the floppy disk drive IRQ 6. Each device will try to hog a single IRQ for itself.

If there are a lot of devices, or if they are not installed properly, two of them may end up sharing the same IRQ number. When the user tries to use both devices at the same time, a crash can happen. The way to check if your computer has a hardware conflict is through the following route:

* Start-Settings-Control Panel-System-Device Manager.

Often if a device has a problem a yellow '!' appears next to its description in the Device Manager. Highlight Computer (in the Device Manager) and press Properties to see the IRQ numbers used by your computer. If the IRQ number appears twice, two devices may be using it.

Sometimes a device might share an IRQ with something described as 'IRQ holder for PCI steering'. This can be ignored. The best way to fix this problem is to remove the problem device and reinstall it.

Sometimes you may have to find more recent drivers on the internet to make the device function properly. A good resource is www.driverguide.com. If the device is a soundcard, or a modem, it can often be fixed by moving it to a different slot on the motherboard (be careful about opening your computer, as you may void the warranty).

When working inside a computer you should switch it off, unplug the mains lead and touch an unpainted metal surface to discharge any static electricity.

To be fair to Mcft, the problem with IRQ numbers is not of its making. It is a legacy problem going back to the first PC designs using the IBM 8086 chip. Initially there were only eight IRQs. Today there are 16 IRQs in a PC. It is easy to run out of them. There are plans to increase the number of IRQs in future designs.

2 Bad Ram

Ram (random-access memory) problems might bring on the blue screen of death with a message saying Fatal Exception Error. A fatal error indicates a serious hardware problem. Sometimes it may mean a part is damaged and will need replacing.

But a fatal error caused by Ram might be caused by a mismatch of chips. For example, mixing 70-nanosecond (70ns) Ram with 60ns Ram will usually force the computer to run all the Ram at the slower speed. This will often crash the machine if the Ram is overworked.

One way around this problem is to enter the BIOS settings and increase the wait state of the Ram. This can make it more stable. Another way to troubleshoot a suspected Ram problem is to rearrange the Ram chips on the motherboard, or take some of them out. Then try to repeat the circumstances that caused the crash. When handling Ram try not to touch the gold connections, as they can be easily damaged.

Parity error messages also refer to Ram. Modern Ram chips are either parity (ECC) or non parity (non-ECC). It is best not to mix the two types, as this can be a cause of trouble.

EMM386 error messages refer to memory problems but may not be connected to bad Ram. This may be due to free memory problems often linked to old Dos-based programmes.

3 BIOS settings

Every motherboard is supplied with a range of chipset settings that are decided in the factory. A common way to access these settings is to press the F2 or delete button during the first few seconds of a boot-up.

Once inside the BIOS, great care should be taken. It is a good idea to write down on a piece of paper all the settings that appear on the screen. That way, if you change something and the computer becomes more unstable, you will know what settings to revert to.

A common BIOS error concerns the CAS latency. This refers to the Ram. Older EDO (extended data out) Ram has a CAS latency of 3. Newer SDRam has a CAS latency of 2. Setting the wrong figure can cause the Ram to lock up and freeze the computer's display.

Mcft Windows is better at allocating IRQ numbers than any BIOS. If possible set the IRQ numbers to Auto in the BIOS. This will allow Windows to allocate the IRQ numbers (make sure the BIOS setting for Plug and Play OS is switched to 'yes' to allow Windows to do this.).

4 Hard disk drives

After a few weeks, the information on a hard disk drive starts to become piecemeal or fragmented. It is a good idea to defragment the hard disk every week or so, to prevent the disk from causing a screen freeze. Go to

* Start-Programs-Accessories-System Tools-Disk Defragmenter

This will start the procedure. You will be unable to write data to the hard drive (to save it) while the disk is defragmenting, so it is a good idea to schedule the procedure for a period of inactivity using the Task Scheduler.

The Task Scheduler should be one of the small icons on the bottom right of the Windows opening page (the desktop).

Some lockups and screen freezes caused by hard disk problems can be solved by reducing the read-ahead optimisation. This can be adjusted by going to

* Start-Settings-Control Panel-System Icon-Performance-File System-Hard Disk.

Hard disks will slow down and crash if they are too full. Do some housekeeping on your hard drive every few months and free some space on it. Open the Windows folder on the C drive and find the Temporary Internet Files folder. Deleting the contents (not the folder) can free a lot of space.

Empty the Recycle Bin every week to free more space. Hard disk drives should be scanned every week for errors or bad sectors. Go to

* Start-Programs-Accessories-System Tools-ScanDisk

Otherwise assign the Task Scheduler to perform this operation at night when the computer is not in use.

5 Fatal OE exceptions and VXD errors

Fatal OE exception errors and VXD errors are often caused by video card problems.

These can often be resolved easily by reducing the resolution of the video display. Go to

* Start-Settings-Control Panel-Display-Settings

Here you should slide the screen area bar to the left. Take a look at the colour settings on the left of that window. For most desktops, high colour 16-bit depth is adequate.

If the screen freezes or you experience system lockups it might be due to the video card. Make sure it does not have a hardware conflict. Go to

* Start-Settings-Control Panel-System-Device Manager

Here, select the + beside Display Adapter. A line of text describing your video card should appear. Select it (make it blue) and press properties. Then select Resources and select each line in the window. Look for a message that says No Conflicts.

If you have video card hardware conflict, you will see it here. Be careful at this point and make a note of everything you do in case you make things worse.

The way to resolve a hardware conflict is to uncheck the Use Automatic Settings box and hit the Change Settings button. You are searching for a setting that will display a No Conflicts message.

Another useful way to resolve video problems is to go to

* Start-Settings-Control Panel-System-Performance-Graphics

Here you should move the Hardware Acceleration slider to the left. As ever, the most common cause of problems relating to graphics cards is old or faulty drivers (a driver is a small piece of software used by a computer to communicate with a device).

Look up your video card's manufacturer on the internet and search for the most recent drivers for it.

6 Viruses

Often the first sign of a virus infection is instability. Some viruses erase the boot sector of a hard drive, making it impossible to start. This is why it is a good idea to create a Windows start-up disk. Go to

* Start-Settings-Control Panel-Add/Remove Programs

Here, look for the Start Up Disk tab. Virus protection requires constant vigilance.

A virus scanner requires a list of virus signatures in order to be able to identify viruses. These signatures are stored in a DAT file. DAT files should be updated weekly from the website of your antivirus software manufacturer.

An excellent antivirus programme is McAfee VirusScan by Network Associates ( www.nai.com). Another is Norton AntiVirus 2000, made by Symantec ( www.symantec.com).

7 Printers

The action of sending a document to print creates a bigger file, often called a postscript file.

Printers have only a small amount of memory, called a buffer. This can be easily overloaded. Printing a document also uses a considerable amount of CPU power. This will also slow down the computer's performance.

If the printer is trying to print unusual characters, these might not be recognised, and can crash the computer. Sometimes printers will not recover from a crash because of confusion in the buffer. A good way to clear the buffer is to unplug the printer for ten seconds. Booting up from a powerless state, also called a cold boot, will restore the printer's default settings and you may be able to carry on.

8 Software

A common cause of computer crash is faulty or badly-installed software. Often the problem can be cured by uninstalling the software and then reinstalling it. Use Norton Uninstall or Uninstall Shield to remove an application from your system properly. This will also remove references to the programme in the System Registry and leaves the way clear for a completely fresh copy.

The System Registry can be corrupted by old references to obsolete software that you thought was uninstalled. Use Reg Cleaner by Jouni Vuorio to clean up the System Registry and remove obsolete entries. It works on Windows 95, Windows 98, Windows 98 SE (Second Edition), Windows Millennium Edition (ME), NT4 and Windows 2000.

Read the instructions and use it carefully so you don't do permanent damage to the Registry. If the Registry is damaged you will have to reinstall your operating system. Reg Cleaner can be obtained from www.jv16.org

Often a Windows problem can be resolved by entering Safe Mode. This can be done during start-up. When you see the message "Starting Windows" press F4. This should take you into Safe Mode.

Safe Mode loads a minimum of drivers. It allows you to find and fix problems that prevent Windows from loading properly.

Sometimes installing Windows is difficult because of unsuitable BIOS settings. If you keep getting SUWIN error messages (Windows setup) during the Windows installation, then try entering the BIOS and disabling the CPU internal cache. Try to disable the Level 2 (L2) cache if that doesn't work.

Remember to restore all the BIOS settings back to their former settings following installation.

9 Overheating

Central processing units (CPUs) are usually equipped with fans to keep them cool. If the fan fails or if the CPU gets old it may start to overheat and generate a particular kind of error called a kernel error. This is a common problem in chips that have been overclocked to operate at higher speeds than they are supposed to.

One remedy is to get a bigger better fan and install it on top of the CPU. Specialist cooling fans/heatsinks are available from www.computernerd.com or www.coolit.com

CPU problems can often be fixed by disabling the CPU internal cache in the BIOS. This will make the machine run more slowly, but it should also be more stable.

10 Power supply problems

With all the new construction going on around the country the steady supply of electricity has become disrupted. A power surge or spike can crash a computer as easily as a power cut.

If this has become a nuisance for you then consider buying a uninterrupted power supply (UPS). This will give you a clean power supply when there is electricity, and it will give you a few minutes to perform a controlled shutdown in case of a power cut.

It is a good investment if your data are critical, because a power cut will cause any unsaved data to be lost.

A Basic UNIX Overview

A Basic UNIX Overview

Asriel


UNIX FOR DOS ADDICTED WaReZ PuPPieZ AND THEIR PETS


Introduction
------------

One of the most common operating systems in existance is Unix. Unix
exists in many different flavors, from Berkeley BSD to AT&T System V
to SunOs. Basic working knowledge of Unix is almost essential to a
hacker, as it is the system a hacker is most likely to come across.
If you intend to use the internet at all, or to do any serious
exploration of Telenet, the ability to navigate through Unix is a
necessity. (Unix is also the single most interesting system in
existance: it's just fun to fuck with).

Unix Logins
-----------

Most Unix logins look essentially the same. A general Unix login
prompt looks something like this:

connected to five.finger.com
login:

That first line is the system identifier. Although it's not at all
essential to what you are doing, it's good to know what system you are
attempting to log on to.
The second line is what typically identifies the system you are on as
Unix. Almost all Unix systems greet a user with the same prompt:
login:.
Well, there's not much to do in Unix from the outside, and Unix
systems are typically fairly secure at this point. You may be able to
obtain a list of users, or current users, by logging in as 'who', but
other than that there are few functions available here.
Unless you are on the internet, or have accounts specifically for the
specific machine you are on, the only way on to the system is to try
the default passwords. What are the default passwords?
Unix systems come installed with certain passwords automatically. In
addition, some accounts must exist on a system. One such account is
'root'. This user is the divine Kami of the Unix system... in short,
an all access pass. Unfortunately, few systems allow root logins
remotely, and even fewer leave 'root' unpassworded. Nevertheless, it's
always worth a shot... try this:

connected to ren.stimpy.net
login: root
password: root
invalid login
login:

well, nice try anyways... other possible passwords for root include
'sysadmin', 'sys', 'admin'... you get the idea. You may also want to
try these passwords with a single digit appended (added, idiot) to
them... meaning the password 'root' could be 'root1' or 'root2'.
An interesting tip about passwords in general... many people that use
passwords under 8 characters tend to add a digit or a non-alphanumeric
character to the password. This is done in order to hinder guessing,
and to stop password breakers (more on this later). In this case, you
may want to try adding a space before root... or even an ascii 255 to
the end.
Fortunately, there is more than one default password in a unix
system... a quick list:

sys sys
bin bin
daemon daemon
rje rje
setup setup
uucp uucp/nuucp/anonymous
nuucp uucp/nuucp/anonymous
mountfsys mountfsys

In the System
-------------

Ok, at this point, I'm going to assume you've gotten past the login...
as painful as that may sound. Although Unix may be secure from the
outside, without effort from the system administrators, the inside of
the system is not.
First off, you'll likely by asked for a terminal. vt100 serves your
purposes sufficently, and it's typically the default, so hit enter.
Now, hopefully, you have a prompt. There are many different types of
unix prompts, some of which contain current directory information,
some of which are just a single character. Just don't panic when my
examples don't look exactly like what you've got on your screen.
The first thing you *need* to do on the system is establish your tty
paramters. As eldritch and arcane sounding as this term may seem, it's
actually quite simple... you need to tell the system what keys are
going to do what.
The command to set these parameters is 'stty'. Watch:

squinkyB ] stty erase ^h
squinkyB ]

There... that wasn't so bad, was it? Well, it's also pretty
meaningless to you, unless you have the ascii table memorized and are
pretty good at on-the-spot deduction.
The tty erase parameters determines which key is to be used as a
backspace. At times, this may already be set when you log in, or it
may be set to a suitable alternate (such as delete). Most of the time
the system will tell you when you log on if this is so. In this case,
we've entered ^h in order to make the backspace key, appropriately
enough, backspace.
Another extremely important parameter is 'intr'. The 'intr' paramter
tells the Unix system what you intend to use as a break character...
you should have this set to ^c.

Getting Around
--------------

A good thing to remember about Unix is that it's alot like DOS. Files
are laid out in directories just as in DOS... in fact, the only
immediate difference in the directory structures is that Unix uses a
forward slash ("/", moron!) instead of a backwards one.
Also, the basic Unix directory navigation command is identical to DOS.
In order to change directories, you use the command 'chdir', or 'cd'.
A quick example:

1 /usr1/astoria ] cd ..
2 /usr ]

Wala. That simple. Quick notes:

? cd / will take you to root.
? cd /*pathname* will take you to *pathname*
? cd home will take you to your home directory.

You can make and delete your own directories with the mkdir/rmdir
commands. Simply put, mkdir makes a subdirectory off of the current
directory, and rmdir removes a subdirectory from the current
subdirectory. Good to know if you plan to do a lot of file transfers.
An important note about Unix directories, files, and concepts:
Unix is a case-sensitive operating system. Thus, the files

? Spleen
? spleen
? SPLEEN
? SpLeEn

are all different. This rule applies to directories and command line
paramters, as well as most other Unix ideas.
Another nice thing to know about Unix: Unix files are not subject to
the normal DOS 8 character limit. Thus, you can have vast filenames,
such as "this_file_ate_my_biscuit".

Some other important commands
-----------------------------

First and foremost, you should know cp. cp is the basic Unix
equivalent of the DOS COPY command. The command line for cp is
identical to that of COPY.
Next on the scale of cosmic import is cat. cat is the Unix equivalent
of the DOS TYPE command, and once again, for simple file displaying,
the command line is identical.
Variations on the theme:
pg: displayes a file page by page. Type "pg x filename", where x is a
number of lines to display before pausing and filename is the
file you wish to display.
more: displays a file screen by screen.
Stupid pet trick:
You can use your cat to copy files, simply by using the directional
operators. To copy a file from here to there using cat, simply type:

% cat here
this is the file here
% cat there
this is the file there
% cat here > there
% cat there
this is the file here

The operator ">" simply takes the output from the cat command and
places is in the location specified after it.
Another vital command to know is 'rm'. rm deletes a file from the
system, in the same way DEL would on a DOS system. Not to much else to
say.
Critical in your navigation of a Unix system is the ls command. ls is
DOS DIR on heroin. Simply type ls and you get a nice, neat list of
files in the directory.
DIR on controlled substances:
There are a few command line parameters that you should know...
foremost is l. ls -l gets you a list of files, and valuable
information about each file, including permissions (more on that
later), size, and linked files.
Another useful command for long file lists is C. ls -C gets you a
list of files in multiple columns, much the same as DIR /W would
merit a double column report of all existing files. A quick reminder:
ls -C is NOT the same as ls -c. Unix = case sensitive.
Another good command to know, mv will move a file from directory to
directory. For those of you without DOS 6.0 , mv simply copies a
file to another directory and deletes the original.
quick tip for files on the lam:
if you want to rename a file (to protect the innocent), you need to
mv a file to a different file name. A quick demo:

# ls
myfile
# cat myfile
this is my file
# mv myfile my_other_file
# ls
my_other_file
# cat my_other_file
this is my file

Another vastly important command is 'man'. In fact, man is probably
one of the most important commands extant for a beginning user... it
calls up the system's help files. To use man, simply type in 'man
command', where command is a Unix command you seek to gain
enlightenment regarding. It's a great way to gain an understanding of
Unix commandline parameters.
If you are interested in seeing who's been on of late, or just want a
few names to try to hack, type 'who'. You get a quick list of users
that have accessed the system lately. If you need to know
who you are at this point, type 'whoami'.
If you want to change your identity on the system, type 'su name'
where name is an account on the system. It'll ask you for the account
password, then, *presto*... instant transmogrification.
A Caveat for smart alec hackers:
Unix typically logs usage of the su command. While su may seem like a
great opportunity to try to hack out passwords manually without
worrying about the system hanging up after 3 attempts, it's typically
not a good idea to do this, as it may alert the administrators to
your presence.
*Numero Uno on the list of commands NEVER to use on a Unix system:
The 'passwd' command changes your password on a Unix system. Seems
innocous enough, eh? Uh-uh. If your account is active, and there's a
very strong chance that it either is or will be, there is no better
way to lose the account than to change the password, only to have the
legitimate user alert the sysadmins when he/she can't gain access to
his/her normal account (well, there are better ways... you could
simply mail the sysadmin and tell him you are trying to hack his
grandmother's life support machine through your account).
I've seen this single, quick command turn a extremely lax system
into an ironclad security compound in less than a day.
DONT-FUCK-WITH-IT.
*Numero Dos on that same list:
The 'mail' command reads and sends mail. So what? Well, unless your
account is stable (and it isn't unless you either paid for it or
killed the original owner in such a way that his body cannot claw it's
way out of it's grave to it's keyboard), the user is more likely than
not going to know if you read his mail. In addition, if you send mail
out of the system (type 'mail', and a username/address; type in your
message and end it with a ^d on it's own line), the response from your
message will likewise alert the user to your presence.

System Spelunking
-----------------

The first place you want to check out in the wild uncharted directory
tree of your friendly neighborhood Unix system is the "/etc"
directory. What's in it? The single most intensely important file on
the system (besides a world writable root owned SUID file... but don't
worry about that)... the passwd file.
What is in the passwd file?

? a list of all accounts on the system
? a list of the passwords for these accounts
? a list of access levels for these accounts
? a list of the home directories for these accounts
? a list of information pertaining to these accounts.

Why the hell the Unix designers decided this file should be world
readable is beyond me. Be content to know that your standard everyday
run-of-the-mill-lacking-in-certified-cosmic-power 'cat' command WILL
display this file. As will pg and more. However, because most users
don't have write permissions (more on that later) to the /etc
directory, 'cat' is pretty much the only applicable command here.
However, if you need to copy the file to your own directory (for
whatever reason), just cat it there with the directional operator (>).
The catch:
Well, there are two catches here. First off, regardless of system
security, if the passwords are in the file, they are encrypted. You
can't decrypt them. Although you can get a list of accounts without
passwords this way (just look for accounts with no entry in the
password field), and a list of accounts that can't be logged onto
remotely/at all (NO LOGIN), you can't get much else. Sucks, don't it?
Notice I said 'if' the passwords are there.

Some horrible, paranoid, draconian system administrators mutilate
their passwd files in such a way that (*gasp*) the passwords don't
show up. All you get is one cold, icy X staring at you from the bowels
of Unix Shell Siberia, mocking you as you pull your hair out in
frustration (sorry, but this is a sore spot with me). The kidnapped
passwords reside in the shadow file in the /etc directory, available
with your standard everyday run-of-the-mill-but-distinct-in-the-fact-
that-only-root-level-accounts-can-use-it-to-this-extent 'cat' command.
Well, if the passwords are encrypted, what good are they?
By themselves, nothing. A account with a Unix encrypted password will
get you no further than an account with no listed password at all. You
can't even deduce the amount of characters in the password if it's
encrypted. So what's the use?
The Unix method of encrypting files is available to the public. It is
also, to most mortals, irreversable. Essentially, this means you can
encrypt a string of characters, but not decrypt it. Even the unix
system itself doesn't decrypt the password when you log on...
When you log on, the Unix system takes whatever you enter at the
password prompt, encrypts it, and matches it to the entry in the
passwd file. Thus, the Unix system never decrypts the password... it
only compares it to a different encrypted string.
While this may not sound too particularly useful at first, it is.
There are programs that have been written to do the same thing on a
personal computer... you supply it a list of passwords and a list of
words to attempt to use as passwords (called dictionaries), and it
spends the night encrypting dictionaries and matching them to password
entries. By running a dictionary through a passwd file, on a typical
system, you can usually get 10-20 accounts. Good personal computer
examples of this program idea include Killer Cracker (the industry
standard, so to speak) and CrackerJack (faster than Killer Cracker).
Quick tips for CrackerJunkies with leech access at an H/P BBS:
A standard dictionary will not uncover passwords protected with an
appended digit or non-alphanumeric character. In order to get around
this, you need only grab a program that processes the dictionary file
to add that digit to each entry in the dictionary... although this
takes longer, and you'll need to do it multiple times, you can
typically get 10 more accounts just by adding a 1 to every entry.
Files and directories in Unix are characterized further by their
permissions. Permissions are a standard system of who gets access to a
specific function of that file or directory. Standard permissions
include read, write, and execute. You can get a list of permissions by
typing 'ls -l'. The first field in the listing contains the
permissions, grouped as follows:

owner group world
--------------------
rwx rwx rwx

(Not drawn to scale... in fact, it doesn't look anything like that).
Essentially, as long as the letter is there, you have access to that
facet of the file. If the letter is not there, you'll see a dash...
meaning you don't have access to that function. An example:

rwxr-x--x

In this case, the owner of the file can Read the file, Write to the
file, and eXecute the file; members of his group (a bunch of linked
accounts) can Read the file, CANNOT Write to the file, and can eXecute
the file; and the rest of the user population CANNOT Read or Write to
the file, but CAN eXecute the file.

rwx---rwx

is a WORLD-READABLE, WORLD-WRITABLE, WORLD-EXECUTABLE file. This
simply means that anyone can read, write, or execute the file.

Another permission sometimes set to a file is the SUID bit. An SUID
file contains a smallcase s in the user executable section of the
permissions list...

rws--x--x

When you execute an SUID file, your user ID becomes that of the owner
of the file. While this may not look to important at first, by now you
should know that no really important super elite hacker concept does.
Take a look at this:

rwsr-x--x

Synopsis? It's a world executable SUID file. In essence, anyone can
execute the file, and in doing so, become the owner of the file for
the duration of the time that file is operating. However, this doesn't
get you much, because you typically can't do anything while the
programis running. More likely than not, it's calculating how many
pencils it needs to order for school tomorrow or some other such
drivel.
The real power of the SUID file comes into play in this situation:

rwsrwxrwx

You won't see a lot of these, but when you do, look out. What you have
here is a world writable SUID file... and a world writable program can
be any program on the system you have read access to. Like, say,
/bin/sh... the Unix shell...
Quick command line example... 'diablo' is a root owned, world writable
SUID file. I'm going to ignore the rest of the output of the ls
command.

#ls -l
rwsrwxrwx... ...diablo
#cat /bin/sh > diablo
#diablo
$

Oh, just so you know, the $ prompt denotes root access.
Good deal, huh? In general, if you have right privs to an SUID file,
copy it to your own directory and cat /bin/sh into it. You now have an
instant gateway to the account of the owner of that file.
If you want to find files that you can do this with, try this out:

#find / -user root -perm -4000 -exec /bin/ls -al {} ";"

This will give you a list of all root owned SUID files. If you want
more info on the 'find' command, just 'man find'.

Well, I'm overdo for an appointment on the IRC in #warez... so I'll
cut off here. I hope I've been of assistance to you.

----------------------------------------------------------------------------
A C T U A L A R T I C L E E N D S H E R E . . .

Please feel free to save an extra 1k of file space and invoke the DOS
EDIT CUT command at the dotted line. Do not remove the rest of this
article on penalty of law.

S00P3R GR00P-3SQU3 GR33TZ / +HANX

Greets go out to Nowhere Man, INC, THG, UNT, SaD, SoD, PTA, SOB
Thanks to... ________________________
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in the Third Coast Cafe in Century Mall, and chances are it'll be
released as a s00per c00l DWE article.

W H A T F O L L O W S M U S T N O T B E D E L E T E D
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(c) 2003 Hackers-Network
Asriel(tm) appears courtesy of Hasbro, Inc.