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check my current Ubuntu version through the command-line

cat /etc/*release

lsb_release -a

cat /etc/lsb-release

CPU Usage Percentages in Multicore CPU

Since you have four cores at your disposal, maximum CPU usage would be 400%, or 100% of each core presuming that each application is intensive enough to make full use of each core. This isn’t often the case however.

Using Photoshop as an example again, it may maximize one core at 95%, or thereabouts, while saving or editing a high-definition image. It is unlikely to spread power to more than two cores in any case. This would be similar for other image editing programs.

Running instances of multiple high-quality videos will likely use less than 25% of each core. However in the case of using editing or capturing programs, such as Windows Media Encoder or an intensive program like Panorama Factory, you will likely take advantage of all four cores and it should result in relatively high percentages. Rendering and encoding applications are mostly the ones that are optimized for a quad and will likely use full resources.

Block ROOT Login in UNIX SOLARIS !!!

 

# vi /etc/ssh/sshd_config 

Edit below line  #

PermitRootLogin yes

then restart below service>>

# svcadm restart ssh

Windows Server/PC Force Shutdown or Restart from Command Line

Shutdown

Normal Shutdown
To perform a normal Shutdown, open Run (Start >> Run) and type in Shutdown –s . Your PC will shutdown just as it would when you click Shutdown from the Start menu
Force Shutdown
To perform a Force Shutdown, type in Shutdown –s –f. Notice a new parameter –f? This parameter is responsible for Fore Shutdown.
Force Shutdown with Time
To perform a Timed Force Shutdown, type in Shutdown –s –f –t 00. This will Force Shutdown your PC in 00 seconds (waiting time). Setting it to 05 will shutdown your PC after 05 seconds i.e after waiting for 5 seconds.

Restart

To restart, simply replace –s with –r. If you are unsure, proceed reading.
Normal Restart
To perform a normal Restart, open Run (Start >> Run) and type in Shutdown –r . Your PC will reboot just as it would when you click Restart from the Start menu
Force Restart
To perform a Force Restart, type in Shutdown –r –f.
Force Restart with Time
To perform a Timed Force Restart, type in Shutdown –r –f –t 00.

GOODLUCK !!!!

CAT Cables Variety and Details....!!!

CAT LAN Cables

Vi EDITOR Command Line for UNIX SOLARIS LINUX

 General Startup

      

      To use vi: vi filename

      To exit vi and save changes: ZZ   or  :wq

      To exit vi without saving changes: :q!

      To enter vi command mode: [esc]

Counts

        A number preceding any vi command tells vi to repeat

      that command that many times.

Cursor Movement

      h       move left (backspace)

      j       move down

      k       move up

      l       move right (spacebar)

      [return]   move to the beginning of the next line

      $       last column on the current line

      0       move cursor to the first column on the

            current line

      ^       move cursor to first nonblank column on the

            current line

      w       move to the beginning of the next word or

            punctuation mark

      W       move past the next space

      b       move to the beginning of the previous word

            or punctuation mark

      B       move to the beginning of the previous word,

            ignores punctuation

        e       end of next word or punctuation mark

        E       end of next word, ignoring punctuation

        H       move cursor to the top of the screen

        M       move cursor to the middle of the screen

        L       move cursor to the bottom of the screen

Screen Movement

       G        move to the last line in the file

       xG       move to line x

       z+       move current line to top of screen

       z        move current line to the middle of screen

       z-       move current line to the bottom of screen

       ^F       move forward one screen

       ^B       move backward one line

       ^D       move forward one half screen

       ^U       move backward one half screen

       ^R       redraw screen

            ( does not work with VT100 type terminals )

       ^L       redraw screen

            ( does not work with Televideo terminals )

Inserting

       r        replace character under cursor with next

            character typed

       R        keep replacing character until [esc] is hit

       i        insert before cursor

       a        append after cursor

       A        append at end of line

       O        open line above cursor and enter append mode

Deleting

      x       delete character under cursor

      dd      delete line under cursor

        dw      delete word under cursor

        db      delete word before cursor

Copying Code

        yy      (yank)'copies' line which may then be put by

            the p(put) command. Precede with a count for

            multiple lines.

Put Command

        brings back previous deletion or yank of lines,

      words, or characters

        P       bring back before cursor

        p       bring back after cursor

 Find Commands

      ?       finds a word going backwards

      /       finds a word going forwards

        f       finds a character on the line under the

            cursor going forward

        F       finds a character on the line under the

            cursor going backwards

        t       find a character on the current line going

            forward and stop one character before it

      T       find a character on the current line going

            backward and stop one character before it

      ;     repeat last f, F, t, T

Miscellaneous Commands

      .     repeat last command

      u     undoes last command issued

      U     undoes all commands on one line

      xp    deletes first character and inserts after

            second (swap)

      J     join current line with the next line

      ^G    display current line number

      %     if at one parenthesis, will jump to its mate

      mx    mark current line with character x

      'x    find line marked with character x

      NOTE: Marks are internal and not written to the file.

Line Editor Mode

      Any commands form the line editor ex can be issued

      upon entering line mode.

      To enter: type ':'

      To exit: press[return] or [esc]

ex Commands

      For a complete list consult the

      UNIX Programmer's Manual

WRITE FILE

      :w    saves the current file without quitting

MOVING

      :#    move to line #

      :$    move to last line of file

SHELL ESCAPE

      executes 'cmd' as a shell command.

      :!'cmd'

NTP windows commands...

PUT BELOW COMMANDS ON Command prompt...

net time /querysntp

net time /setsntp:172.18.201.1

w32tm /config /manualpeerlist:172.18.201.1,0x8 /syncfromflags:MANUAL 

/reliable:yes /update

net start w32time

w32tm /resync

Few UNIX SOLARIS Diagnostics Commands...

#echo | format
#cat /var/adm/messages
#prtdiag -v
#dmesg
#echo |format
 #iostat -en
 #iostat -En
 #df -h
 #cat /etc/vfstab
 #metastat
 #metastat -p
 #metadb -i
#uname -a
 #uname -X
 #cat /etc/release
 #psrinfo -v
 #fmadm faulty
#Prtpicl

Find serial Number Windows 2003 & Linux RHEL

To find the serial number, open command prompt (cmd) and type the following command.

c:\>wmic bios get serialnumber

This will give you your machine’s serial number by pulling the information from BIOS

In Linux RHEL Type in #dmidecode | egrep -i "product name|serial number"

WINDOWS XP + WINDOWS 2000 + WINDOWS 2003 TELNET SERVER SETUP

WINDOWS XP + WINDOWS 2003 TELNET SERVER - SETUP(How to enable Telnet in WINDOWS XP + WINDOWS 2000 + WINDOWS 2003)
-----------------------------------------------
Windows 2003 comes with a telnet server that gives you a way to
access a DOS prompt from remote machines via telnet.

The following shows how to configure the windows telnet server
to work with any telnet client (even unix), and to be enabled
so that it comes up automatically after reboots.

Run these commands as administrator from DOS:

    sc config TlntSvr start= auto
    sc start TlntSvr
    tlntadmn config sec=-NTLM
    tlntadmn config mode=stream

Enable Secondary logon service in services.msc

That's it.

You should now be able to telnet to this machine from any windows or
unix machine, and login to get a DOS prompt. If you need to login
as a domain user, use the "domain\username" syntax when logging in, eg:

Welcome to Microsoft Telnet Service

login: mydomain\john
password:


WINDOWS 2000 TELNET SERVER - SETUP
----------------------------------

Windows 2000 (Professional, etc) also comes with a telnet server.

The following shows how to configure the windows telnet server
to work with any telnet client (even unix), and to be enabled
so that it comes up automatically after reboots:

0) Login as administrator

1) Go into Control Panel -> Administrative Tools -> Telnet Server

2) In the DOS window that pops up, run these options, hitting
  return after each:

3 <-- change="" choose="" option="" p="" registry="" settings="" to=""> 7 <-- change="" choose="" ntlm="" option="" p="" stuff="" the="" to=""> y <-- p="" please="" yes=""> 0 <-- 0="" change="" p="" the="" to="" value=""> y <-- p="" please="" yes=""> 0 <-- menu="" p="" previous="" return="" to=""> 0 <-- exit="" p="">
3) Go into Control Panel -> Administrative Tools -> Services -> Telnet

3a) Set the "Startup Type" to be "Automatic"
3b) Start the service by hitting "Start".
                   (If it's already running, stop it first, then restart it)

That's it.

You should now be able to telnet to this machine from any windows or
unix machine, and login to get a DOS prompt. If you need to login
as a domain user, use the "domain\username" syntax when logging in, eg:

   Welcome to Microsoft Telnet Service

   login: mydomain\john
   password:

COMPUTER MAINTENANCE

You may not realize it, but your computer and your car have something in common: they both need regular maintenance. No, you don't need to change your computer's oil. But you should be updating your software, keeping your antivirus subscription up to date, and checking for spyware. Read on to learn what you can do to help improve your computer's security.


Getting started
Here are some basics maintenance tasks you can do today to start improving your computer's security. Be sure you make these part of your ongoing maintenance as well.

* Sign up for software update e-mail notices. Many software companies will send you e-mail whenever a software update is available. This is particularly important for your operating system (e.g., Microsoft VV!|VD0VV$® or Macintosh), your antivirus program, and your firewall.
* Register your software. If you still have registration forms for existing software, send them in. And be sure to register new software in the future. This is another way for the software manufacturer to alert you when new updates are available.
* Install software updates immediately.
When you get an update notice, download the update immediately and install it. (Remember, downloading and installing are two separate tasks.)
An ounce of prevention
A few simple steps will help you keep your files safe and clean.

* Step 1: Update your software
* Step 2: Backup your files
* Step 3: Use antivirus software and keep it updated
* Step 4: Change your passwords


Developing ongoing maintenance practices
Now that you've done some ground work, it's time to start moving into longer term maintenance tasks. These are all tasks that you should do today (or as soon as possible) to get started. But for best results, make these a part of a regular maintenance schedule. We recommend setting aside time each week to help keep your computer secure.

* Back up your files. Backing up your files simply means creating a copy of your computer files that you can use in the event the originals are lost. (Accidents can happen.) To learn more read our tips for backing up information.


* Scan your files with up to date antivirus software. Use your antivirus scan tool regularly to search for potential computer viruses and worms. Also, check your antivirus program's user manual to see if you can schedule an automatic scan of your computer. To learn more, read our tips for reducing your virus risk
.
* Change your passwords. Using the same password increases the odds that someone else will discover it. Change all of your passwords regularly (we recommend monthly) to reduce your risk. Also, choose your passwords carefully. To learn more, read our tips for creating stronger passwords
.

Making a schedule
One of the best ways to help protect your computer is to perform maintenance regularly. To help you keep track, we suggest making a regular "appointment" with your computer. Treat it like you would any other appointment. Record it in your datebook or online calendar, and if you cannot make it, reschedule. Remember, you are not only helping to improve your computer, you are also helping to protect your personal information.

Best Keyboard Shortcuts

Getting used to using your keyboard exclusively and leaving your mouse behind will make you much more efficient at performing any task on any Windows system. I use the following keyboard shortcuts every day:

Windows key + R = Run menu

This is usually followed by:
cmd = Command Prompt
iexplore + "web address" = Internet Explorer
compmgmt.msc = Computer Management
dhcpmgmt.msc = DHCP Management
dnsmgmt.msc = DNS Management
services.msc = Services
eventvwr = Event Viewer
dsa.msc = Active Directory Users and Computers
dssite.msc = Active Directory Sites and Services
Windows key + E = Explorer

ALT + Tab = Switch between windows

ALT, Space, X = Maximize window

CTRL + Shift + Esc = Task Manager

Windows key + Break = System properties

Windows key + F = Search

Windows key + D = Hide/Display all windows

CTRL + C = copy

CTRL + X = cut

CTRL + V = paste

Also don't forget about the "Right-click" key next to the right Windows key on your keyboard. Using the arrows and that key can get just about anything done once you've opened up any program.


Keyboard Shortcuts

[Alt] and [Esc] Switch between running applications

[Alt] and letter Select menu item by underlined letter

[Ctrl] and [Esc] Open Program Menu

[Ctrl] and [F4] Close active document or group windows (does not work with some applications)

[Alt] and [F4] Quit active application or close current window

[Alt] and [-] Open Control menu for active document

Ctrl] Lft., Rt. arrow Move cursor forward or back one word

Ctrl] Up, Down arrow Move cursor forward or back one paragraph

[F1] Open Help for active application

Windows+M Minimize all open windows

Shift+Windows+M Undo minimize all open windows

Windows+F1 Open Windows Help

Windows+Tab Cycle through the Taskbar buttons

Windows+Break Open the System Properties dialog box

Acessability shortcuts
Right SHIFT for eight seconds........ Switch FilterKeys on and off.

Left ALT +left SHIFT +PRINT SCREEN....... Switch High Contrast on and off.

Left ALT +left SHIFT +NUM LOCK....... Switch MouseKeys on and off.

SHIFT....... five times Switch StickyKeys on and off.

NUM LOCK...... for five seconds Switch ToggleKeys on and off.

 Explorer shortcuts

END....... Display the bottom of the active window.

HOME....... Display the top of the active window.

NUM LOCK+ASTERISK....... on numeric keypad (*) Display all subfolders under the selected folder.

NUM LOCK+PLUS SIGN....... on numeric keypad (+) Display the contents of the selected folder.

NUM LOCK+MINUS SIGN....... on numeric keypad (-) Collapse the selected folder.

LEFT ARROW...... Collapse current selection if it's expanded, or select parent folder.

RIGHT ARROW....... Display current selection if it's collapsed, or select first subfolder.

Type the following commands in your Run Box (Windows Key + R) or Start Run

devmgmt.msc = Device Manager
msinfo32 = System Information
cleanmgr = Disk Cleanup
ntbackup = Backup or Restore Wizard (Windows Backup Utility)
mmc = Microsoft Management Console
excel = Microsoft Excel (If Installed)
msaccess = Microsoft Access (If Installed)
powerpnt = Microsoft PowerPoint (If Installed)
winword = Microsoft Word (If Installed)
frontpg = Microsoft FrontPage (If Installed)
notepad = Notepad
wordpad = WordPad
calc = Calculator
msmsgs = Windows Messenger
mspaint = Microsoft Paint
wmplayer = Windows Media Player
rstrui = System Restore
netscp6 = Netscape 6.x
netscp = Netscape 7.x
netscape = Netscape 4.x
waol = America Online
control = Opens the Control Panel
control printers = Opens the Printers Dialog

Internet Browser
 
Type in u're adress "google", then press [Right CTRL] and [Enter]
add www. and .com to word and go to it


For Windows XP:

Copy. CTRL+C
Cut. CTRL+X
Paste. CTRL+V
Undo. CTRL+Z
Delete. DELETE
Delete selected item permanently without placing the item in the Recycle Bin. SHIFT+DELETE
Copy selected item. CTRL while dragging an item
Create shortcut to selected item. CTRL+SHIFT while dragging an item
Rename selected item. F2
Move the insertion point to the beginning of the next word. CTRL+RIGHT ARROW
Move the insertion point to the beginning of the previous word. CTRL+LEFT ARROW
Move the insertion point to the beginning of the next paragraph. CTRL+DOWN ARROW
Move the insertion point to the beginning of the previous paragraph. CTRL+UP ARROW
Highlight a block of text. CTRL+SHIFT with any of the arrow keys
 
Select more than one item in a window or on the desktop, or select text within a document. SHIFT with any of the arrow keys
Select all. CTRL+A
Search for a file or folder. F3
View properties for the selected item. ALT+ENTER
Close the active item, or quit the active program. ALT+F4
Opens the shortcut menu for the active window. ALT+SPACEBAR
Close the active document in programs that allow you to have multiple documents open simultaneously. CTRL+F4
Switch between open items. ALT+TAB
Cycle through items in the order they were opened. ALT+ESC
Cycle through screen elements in a window or on the desktop. F6
Display the Address bar list in My Computer or Windows Explorer. F4
Display the shortcut menu for the selected item. SHIFT+F10
Display the System menu for the active window. ALT+SPACEBAR
Display the Start menu. CTRL+ESC
Display the corresponding menu. ALT+Underlined letter in a menu name
Carry out the corresponding command. Underlined letter in a command name on an open menu
Activate the menu bar in the active program. F10
Open the next menu to the right, or open a submenu. RIGHT ARROW
Open the next menu to the left, or close a submenu. LEFT ARROW
Refresh the active window. F5
View the folder one level up in My Computer or Windows Explorer. BACKSPACE
Cancel the current task. ESC
SHIFT when you insert a CD into the CD-ROM drive Prevent the CD from automatically playing.

Use these keyboard shortcuts for dialog boxes:

To Press
Move forward through tabs. CTRL+TAB
Move backward through tabs. CTRL+SHIFT+TAB
Move forward through options. TAB
Move backward through options. SHIFT+TAB
Carry out the corresponding command or select the corresponding option. ALT+Underlined letter
Carry out the command for the active option or button. ENTER
Select or clear the check box if the active option is a check box. SPACEBAR
Select a button if the active option is a group of option buttons. Arrow keys
Display Help. F1
Display the items in the active list. F4
Open a folder one level up if a folder is selected in the Save As or Open dialog box. BACKSPACE

If you have a Microsoft Natural Keyboard, or any other compatible keyboard that includes the Windows logo key and the Application key , you can use these keyboard shortcuts:


Display or hide the Start menu. WIN Key
Display the System Properties dialog box. WIN Key+BREAK
Show the desktop. WIN Key+D
Minimize all windows. WIN Key+M
Restores minimized windows. WIN Key+Shift+M
Open My Computer. WIN Key+E
Search for a file or folder. WIN Key+F
Search for computers. CTRL+WIN Key+F
Display Windows Help. WIN Key+F1
Lock your computer if you are connected to a network domain, or switch users if you are not connected to a network domain. WIN Key+ L
Open the Run dialog box. WIN Key+R
Open Utility Manager. WIN Key+U

Accessibility keyboard shortcuts:

Switch FilterKeys on and off. Right SHIFT for eight seconds
Switch High Contrast on and off. Left ALT+left SHIFT+PRINT SCREEN
Switch MouseKeys on and off. Left ALT +left SHIFT +NUM LOCK
Switch StickyKeys on and off. SHIFT five times
Switch ToggleKeys on and off. NUM LOCK for five seconds
Open Utility Manager. WIN Key+U

shortcuts you can use with Windows Explorer:


Display the bottom of the active window. END
Display the top of the active window. HOME
Display all subfolders under the selected folder. NUM LOCK+ASTERISK on numeric keypad (*)
Display the contents of the selected folder. NUM LOCK+PLUS SIGN on numeric keypad (+)

Collapse the selected folder. NUM LOCK+MINUS SIGN on numeric keypad (-)
Collapse current selection if it's expanded, or select parent folder. LEFT ARROW
Display current selection if it's collapsed, or select first subfolder. RIGHT ARROW

@GOOD LUCK@

10 reasons why PCs crash U must Know

10 reasons why PCs crash U must Know

Fatal error: the system has become unstable or is busy," it says. "Enter to return to Windows or press Control-Alt-Delete to restart your computer. If you do this you will lose any unsaved information in all open applications."

You have just been struck by the Blue Screen of Death. Anyone who uses Mcft Windows will be familiar with this. What can you do? More importantly, how can you prevent it happening?

1 Hardware conflict

The number one reason why Windows crashes is hardware conflict. Each hardware device communicates to other devices through an interrupt request channel (IRQ). These are supposed to be unique for each device.

For example, a printer usually connects internally on IRQ 7. The keyboard usually uses IRQ 1 and the floppy disk drive IRQ 6. Each device will try to hog a single IRQ for itself.

If there are a lot of devices, or if they are not installed properly, two of them may end up sharing the same IRQ number. When the user tries to use both devices at the same time, a crash can happen. The way to check if your computer has a hardware conflict is through the following route:

* Start-Settings-Control Panel-System-Device Manager.

Often if a device has a problem a yellow '!' appears next to its description in the Device Manager. Highlight Computer (in the Device Manager) and press Properties to see the IRQ numbers used by your computer. If the IRQ number appears twice, two devices may be using it.

Sometimes a device might share an IRQ with something described as 'IRQ holder for PCI steering'. This can be ignored. The best way to fix this problem is to remove the problem device and reinstall it.

Sometimes you may have to find more recent drivers on the internet to make the device function properly. A good resource is www.driverguide.com. If the device is a soundcard, or a modem, it can often be fixed by moving it to a different slot on the motherboard (be careful about opening your computer, as you may void the warranty).

When working inside a computer you should switch it off, unplug the mains lead and touch an unpainted metal surface to discharge any static electricity.

To be fair to Mcft, the problem with IRQ numbers is not of its making. It is a legacy problem going back to the first PC designs using the IBM 8086 chip. Initially there were only eight IRQs. Today there are 16 IRQs in a PC. It is easy to run out of them. There are plans to increase the number of IRQs in future designs.

2 Bad Ram

Ram (random-access memory) problems might bring on the blue screen of death with a message saying Fatal Exception Error. A fatal error indicates a serious hardware problem. Sometimes it may mean a part is damaged and will need replacing.

But a fatal error caused by Ram might be caused by a mismatch of chips. For example, mixing 70-nanosecond (70ns) Ram with 60ns Ram will usually force the computer to run all the Ram at the slower speed. This will often crash the machine if the Ram is overworked.

One way around this problem is to enter the BIOS settings and increase the wait state of the Ram. This can make it more stable. Another way to troubleshoot a suspected Ram problem is to rearrange the Ram chips on the motherboard, or take some of them out. Then try to repeat the circumstances that caused the crash. When handling Ram try not to touch the gold connections, as they can be easily damaged.

Parity error messages also refer to Ram. Modern Ram chips are either parity (ECC) or non parity (non-ECC). It is best not to mix the two types, as this can be a cause of trouble.

EMM386 error messages refer to memory problems but may not be connected to bad Ram. This may be due to free memory problems often linked to old Dos-based programmes.

3 BIOS settings

Every motherboard is supplied with a range of chipset settings that are decided in the factory. A common way to access these settings is to press the F2 or delete button during the first few seconds of a boot-up.

Once inside the BIOS, great care should be taken. It is a good idea to write down on a piece of paper all the settings that appear on the screen. That way, if you change something and the computer becomes more unstable, you will know what settings to revert to.

A common BIOS error concerns the CAS latency. This refers to the Ram. Older EDO (extended data out) Ram has a CAS latency of 3. Newer SDRam has a CAS latency of 2. Setting the wrong figure can cause the Ram to lock up and freeze the computer's display.

Mcft Windows is better at allocating IRQ numbers than any BIOS. If possible set the IRQ numbers to Auto in the BIOS. This will allow Windows to allocate the IRQ numbers (make sure the BIOS setting for Plug and Play OS is switched to 'yes' to allow Windows to do this.).

4 Hard disk drives

After a few weeks, the information on a hard disk drive starts to become piecemeal or fragmented. It is a good idea to defragment the hard disk every week or so, to prevent the disk from causing a screen freeze. Go to

* Start-Programs-Accessories-System Tools-Disk Defragmenter

This will start the procedure. You will be unable to write data to the hard drive (to save it) while the disk is defragmenting, so it is a good idea to schedule the procedure for a period of inactivity using the Task Scheduler.

The Task Scheduler should be one of the small icons on the bottom right of the Windows opening page (the desktop).

Some lockups and screen freezes caused by hard disk problems can be solved by reducing the read-ahead optimisation. This can be adjusted by going to

* Start-Settings-Control Panel-System Icon-Performance-File System-Hard Disk.

Hard disks will slow down and crash if they are too full. Do some housekeeping on your hard drive every few months and free some space on it. Open the Windows folder on the C drive and find the Temporary Internet Files folder. Deleting the contents (not the folder) can free a lot of space.

Empty the Recycle Bin every week to free more space. Hard disk drives should be scanned every week for errors or bad sectors. Go to

* Start-Programs-Accessories-System Tools-ScanDisk

Otherwise assign the Task Scheduler to perform this operation at night when the computer is not in use.

5 Fatal OE exceptions and VXD errors

Fatal OE exception errors and VXD errors are often caused by video card problems.

These can often be resolved easily by reducing the resolution of the video display. Go to

* Start-Settings-Control Panel-Display-Settings

Here you should slide the screen area bar to the left. Take a look at the colour settings on the left of that window. For most desktops, high colour 16-bit depth is adequate.

If the screen freezes or you experience system lockups it might be due to the video card. Make sure it does not have a hardware conflict. Go to

* Start-Settings-Control Panel-System-Device Manager

Here, select the + beside Display Adapter. A line of text describing your video card should appear. Select it (make it blue) and press properties. Then select Resources and select each line in the window. Look for a message that says No Conflicts.

If you have video card hardware conflict, you will see it here. Be careful at this point and make a note of everything you do in case you make things worse.

The way to resolve a hardware conflict is to uncheck the Use Automatic Settings box and hit the Change Settings button. You are searching for a setting that will display a No Conflicts message.

Another useful way to resolve video problems is to go to

* Start-Settings-Control Panel-System-Performance-Graphics

Here you should move the Hardware Acceleration slider to the left. As ever, the most common cause of problems relating to graphics cards is old or faulty drivers (a driver is a small piece of software used by a computer to communicate with a device).

Look up your video card's manufacturer on the internet and search for the most recent drivers for it.

6 Viruses

Often the first sign of a virus infection is instability. Some viruses erase the boot sector of a hard drive, making it impossible to start. This is why it is a good idea to create a Windows start-up disk. Go to

* Start-Settings-Control Panel-Add/Remove Programs

Here, look for the Start Up Disk tab. Virus protection requires constant vigilance.

A virus scanner requires a list of virus signatures in order to be able to identify viruses. These signatures are stored in a DAT file. DAT files should be updated weekly from the website of your antivirus software manufacturer.

An excellent antivirus programme is McAfee VirusScan by Network Associates ( www.nai.com). Another is Norton AntiVirus 2000, made by Symantec ( www.symantec.com).

7 Printers

The action of sending a document to print creates a bigger file, often called a postscript file.

Printers have only a small amount of memory, called a buffer. This can be easily overloaded. Printing a document also uses a considerable amount of CPU power. This will also slow down the computer's performance.

If the printer is trying to print unusual characters, these might not be recognised, and can crash the computer. Sometimes printers will not recover from a crash because of confusion in the buffer. A good way to clear the buffer is to unplug the printer for ten seconds. Booting up from a powerless state, also called a cold boot, will restore the printer's default settings and you may be able to carry on.

8 Software

A common cause of computer crash is faulty or badly-installed software. Often the problem can be cured by uninstalling the software and then reinstalling it. Use Norton Uninstall or Uninstall Shield to remove an application from your system properly. This will also remove references to the programme in the System Registry and leaves the way clear for a completely fresh copy.

The System Registry can be corrupted by old references to obsolete software that you thought was uninstalled. Use Reg Cleaner by Jouni Vuorio to clean up the System Registry and remove obsolete entries. It works on Windows 95, Windows 98, Windows 98 SE (Second Edition), Windows Millennium Edition (ME), NT4 and Windows 2000.

Read the instructions and use it carefully so you don't do permanent damage to the Registry. If the Registry is damaged you will have to reinstall your operating system. Reg Cleaner can be obtained from www.jv16.org

Often a Windows problem can be resolved by entering Safe Mode. This can be done during start-up. When you see the message "Starting Windows" press F4. This should take you into Safe Mode.

Safe Mode loads a minimum of drivers. It allows you to find and fix problems that prevent Windows from loading properly.

Sometimes installing Windows is difficult because of unsuitable BIOS settings. If you keep getting SUWIN error messages (Windows setup) during the Windows installation, then try entering the BIOS and disabling the CPU internal cache. Try to disable the Level 2 (L2) cache if that doesn't work.

Remember to restore all the BIOS settings back to their former settings following installation.

9 Overheating

Central processing units (CPUs) are usually equipped with fans to keep them cool. If the fan fails or if the CPU gets old it may start to overheat and generate a particular kind of error called a kernel error. This is a common problem in chips that have been overclocked to operate at higher speeds than they are supposed to.

One remedy is to get a bigger better fan and install it on top of the CPU. Specialist cooling fans/heatsinks are available from www.computernerd.com or www.coolit.com

CPU problems can often be fixed by disabling the CPU internal cache in the BIOS. This will make the machine run more slowly, but it should also be more stable.

10 Power supply problems

With all the new construction going on around the country the steady supply of electricity has become disrupted. A power surge or spike can crash a computer as easily as a power cut.

If this has become a nuisance for you then consider buying a uninterrupted power supply (UPS). This will give you a clean power supply when there is electricity, and it will give you a few minutes to perform a controlled shutdown in case of a power cut.

It is a good investment if your data are critical, because a power cut will cause any unsaved data to be lost.

Configure Windows TCP/IP from the Command Prompt CMD

Configure TCP/IP from the Command Prompt

In order to configure TCP/IP settings such as the IP address, Subnet Mask, Default Gateway, DNS and WINS addresses and many other options you can use Netsh.exe.Netsh.exe is a command-line scripting utility that allows you to, either locally or remotely, display or modify the network configuration of a computer that is currently running. Netsh.exe also provides a scripting feature that allows you to run a group of commands in batch mode against a specified computer. Netsh.exe can also save a configuration script in a text file for archival purposes or to help you configure other servers.

Netsh.exe is available on Windows 2000, Windows XP and Windows Server 2003.

You can use the Netsh.exe tool to perform the following tasks:

    * Configure interfaces
    * Configure routing protocols
    * Configure filters
    * Configure routes
    * Configure remote access behavior for Windows-based remote access routers that are running the Routing and Remote Access Server (RRAS) Service
    * Display the configuration of a currently running router on any computer
    * Use the scripting feature to run a collection of commands in batch mode against a specified router.

What can we do with Netsh.exe?

With Netsh.exe you can easily view your TCP/IP settings. Type the following command in a Command Prompt window (CMD.EXE):

netsh interface ip show config

With Netsh.exe, you can easily configure your computer's IP address and other TCP/IP related settings. For example:

The following command configures the interface named Local Area Connection with the static IP address 192.168.0.100, the subnet mask of 255.255.255.0, and a default gateway of 192.168.0.1:

netsh interface ip set address name="Local Area Connection" static 192.168.0.100 255.255.255.0 192.168.0.1 1

(The above line is one long line, copy paste it as one line)

Netsh.exe can be also useful in certain scenarios such as when you have a portable computer that needs to be relocated between 2 or more office locations, while still maintaining a specific and static IP address configuration. With Netsh.exe, you can easily save and restore the appropriate network configuration.

First, connect your portable computer to location #1, and then manually configure the required settings (such as the IP address, Subnet Mask, Default Gateway, DNS and WINS addresses).

Now, you need to export your current IP settings to a text file. Use the following command:

netsh -c interface dump > c:'location1.txt

When you reach location #2, do the same thing, only keep the new settings to a different file:

netsh -c interface dump > c:'location2.txt

You can go on with any other location you may need, but we'll keep it simple and only use 2 examples.

Now, whenever you need to quickly import your IP settings and change them between location #1 and location #2, just enter the following command in a Command Prompt window (CMD.EXE):

netsh -f c:'location1.txt

or

netsh -f c:'location2.txt

and so on.

You can also use the global EXEC switch instead of -F:

netsh exec c:'location2.txt

Netsh.exe can also be used to configure your NIC to automatically obtain an IP address from a DHCP server:

netsh interface ip set address "Local Area Connection" dhcp

Would you like to configure DNS and WINS addresses from the Command Prompt? You can. See this example for DNS:

netsh interface ip set dns "Local Area Connection" static 192.168.0.200

and this one for WINS:

netsh interface ip set wins "Local Area Connection" static 192.168.0.200

Or, if you want, you can configure your NIC to dynamically obtain it's DNS settings:

netsh interface ip set dns "Local Area Connection" dhcp

BTW, if you want to set a primary and secondary DNS address, add index=1 and index=2 respectively to the lines of Netsh command.

As you now see, Netsh.exe has many features you might find useful, and that goes beyond saying even without looking into the other valuable options that exist in the command.

User Session Check/Logoff Through CMD

Open CMD (Command prompt)in windows XP , server 2003 OS

To show session & IDs Type -- qwinsta

It Will Show Like Below......

Above redmarked arrow shows ID Then To End it Just Type As Below with same Session ID

To logoff session Type -- rwinsta session ID

Some DOS Commands for Beginners

INTRODUCTION

DOS(Disk Operation System) allows you to control the operation of the PC.

Here you can see the DOS working by your own eyes just Do As same Below written ok!

FIRST Go to start menu and open/click Run option and type cmd there or
Go to start menu-->all programs-->accessories-->command prompt. ok!!

you will see that the new window will open of cmd.exe in black screen yes that is command prompt window.

you will see like c:\Documents and Settings\Admin Name> and blinking cursor yes that cursor is your battle Field Everything

you have to type on that blinking cursor

THESE COMMANDS WORKS FINE BASICALLY IN WINDOWS XP AND WINDOWS 2000

Now Commands>>>>

1.) To Change the Default Drive

C:> A: [Press enter] (result-change drive c: to A:)

A:> C: [Press enter] (result-change drive A: to C:)

2.) Change Directory Command (CD)

C:> Dir [Press Enter] (result- shows all files and folder of that Drive)

C:> dir /w [Enter] (result-Shows directory in wide format, as opposed to a vertical listing)

C:> dir \agis [Enter] (result-Shows files in a subdirectory on drive C (default))

C:> cd movie[Enter] (result-Moves you to the directory called 'movie')

C:> cd \movie\horror[Enter] (result-Moves you to the directory called 'horror' under the directory called 'movie').

C:> cd .. [Enter] (result-Moves you up one level)

C:> cd \ [Enter] (result-Takes you to the root directory (c: in this case)

3.) COPY Command

C:> copy c:wmp.exe a: [Enter] (result-Copies the file 'wmp.exe' from the C drive to the A drive and gives it the same name)

C:> copy a:jack.dat b:\south\king.dat [Enter] (result-Creates a copy of 'jack.dat' from drive A on drive B, putting it in

the 'SOUTH' subdirectory and renaming it 'king.dat')

4.) DIR Options

C:> dir a:*.mov [Enter] (result-Lists all files on the A drive with an extension of 'mov')

C:> dir b:movie.* [Enter] (result-Lists all files on the B drive with a filename of 'movie')

C:> dir a:movi?.com [Enter] (result-Lists all five-letter files with the first four letters 'movi' and an extension of

'COM'

C:> dir b:jet.b?? [Enter] (result-Lists all files with a filename of 'jet' and an extension beginning with 'b')

5.) ERASE Command

C:> erase d:jack.pdf [Enter] (result-Erases the file jack.pdf from the diskette in the D drive. If no drive specification

is entered, the system looks to delete the specified file form drive C)

6.) FORMAT Command

C:> format c: [Enter] (result-Formats the diskette in the C drive)

C:> format d: [Enter] (result-Formats the diskette in the D drive)

c:> format c: /q [Enter] (result- format fastly)

(Follow the screen instruction of Yes/ No in Formatting drive.)

7.) Make Directory Command (MD)

C:> mkdir Music [Enter] (result-Creates a directory called 'Music')

8.) RENAME Command (REN)

C:> ren c:spoon.wmv plate.wmv [Enter] (result-Changes the name of 'spoon.wmv' on the A drive to 'plate.wmv')

9.) Remove Directory Command RMDIR (RD)

C:> rd Mega [Enter] (result-Removes directory called 'Mega')

10.) Change the Command Prompt color

c:> color 24 [Enter] (result- first digit changes background color and second digit changes text color)

0 = Black 8 = Gray
1 = Blue 9 = Light Blue
2 = Green A = Light Green
3 = Aqua B = Light Aqua
4 = Red C = Light Red
5 = Purple D = Light Purple
6 = Yellow E = Light Yellow
7 = White F = Bright White

{works in only windows 2000,windows xp}

11.) View or Change Computer Date

c:> date [Enter] (result- shows pc date and you can change it)

12.) Del command

del jack.txt -- Deletes the jack.txt in the directory that you currently are in, if the file exists.

del c:\windows\jack.txt -- Delete the c:\windows\jack.txt in the windows directory if it exists.

del c:\windows\temp\*.* -- (* is for wild character(s)) *.* indicates that you would like to delete all files in the
c:\windows\temp directory.

del c:\windows\temp\?jack.txt -- (? is a single wild character for one letter) This command would delete any file

ending with jack.txt such as mov.txt or tod.txt.

13.) memory info

c: mem [Enter] (results- show memory of hard drive)

14.) Doskey command

c:> doskey [Enter] (result- shows all used command in blinking cursor by up and down arrow key in keyboard)
{By this command you can retrieve previous long commands on cursor}

For more options just right click on top black bar of the command prompt and click properties or close cmd.

You can also type at c:>exit to close cmd.

Good Luck!!!

Block Websites in XP Without Any Software

Here is The Steps Follow it !!

1] Browse C:\WINDOWS\system32\drivers\etc

2] Find the file named "HOSTS"

3] Open it in notepad

4] Under "127.0.0.1 localhost" Add 127.0.0.2 www.sitenameyouwantblocked.com , and that site will no longer be accessable.

5] Done!

-So-

127.0.0.1 localhost

127.0.0.2 www.blockedsite.com

-->www.blockedsite.com is now unaccessable<--

For every site after that you want to add, just add "1" to the last number in the internal ip (127.0.0.2) and then the addy like before.

IE: 127.0.0.7 www.rto.com

127.0.0.8 www.rto.com

127.0.0.9 www.rto.com 

THATS ALL ENJOY!!!!

#How to Back Up the Registry#

Before Doin Research With your Installed XP, it is Must that You Take A Backup of Whole Registry So Finally Here Is the Way to do Backup of Whole Registry....

Before you edit the registry, export the keys in the registry that you plan to edit, or back up the whole registry. If a problem occurs, you can then follow the steps how-to restore the registry to its previous state.

How to Export Registry Keys

Click Start, and then click Run.

In the Open box, type regedit, and then click OK.

On the File menu, click Export.

In the Save in box, select the boxs at the bottom the bottom according to weather you want to export all or only selected branches of the registry.

Next select a location in which to save the backup .reg file. In the File name box, type a file name, and then click Save.

How to Restore the Registry

To restore registry keys that you exported, double-click the .reg file that you saved. 

#How to Add an Option to Print the Contents of a Folder#

So want to print all contents of folder at a time Here is theSolution How to Add an Option to Print the Contents of a Folder

Would you like to be able to right click any folder in Explorer and print its contents? You can add this option to the context menu by following these steps:

First, you need to create a batch file called Printdir.bat. Open Notepad or another text editor and type (or cut and paste) this text:

@echo off

dir %1 /-p /o:gn > "%temp%\Listing"

start /w notepad /p "%temp%\Listing"

del "%temp%\Listing"

exit

Now, in the Save As dialog box, type "%windir%\Printdir.bat" (without the quotation marks) and click the Save button.

Click Start, Control Panel, Folder Options.

Click the File Types tab, and then click File Folder.

Click the Advanced button.

Click the New button.

In the Action box, type "Print Directory Listing" (without the quotation marks).

In the Application used to perform action box, type "Printdir.bat" (without the quotation marks).

Click OK in all three dialog boxes to close the dialog boxes.

You're not quite finished yet! Now you need to edit the Registry, so open your favorite Registry Editor.

Navigate to HKEY CLASSES ROOT\Directory\shell.

Right click on "default" and select Modify.

In the File Data box, type "none" (without the quotation marks).

Click OK and close the Registry Editor.

Now when you right click a folder, you'll see the option to Print Directory Listing. Selecting it will print the contents of the folder.

Thats it !!!!!!!!